This Library compiles key studies, reports, and reference materials across a range of environmental science topics and community planning issues. Its purpose is to support informed decision-making by making complex information easier to find and understand. You can also use the search feature to quickly locate specific topics or documents.
Titles marked with [Open Access] are free to read. Other resources may require a subscription or purchase through the publisher. Oko Environmental is independent and does not receive any compensation from external access fees or purchases.
The Value-Undermining Effects of Rock Mining on Nearby Residential Property: A Semiparametric Spatial Quantile Autoregression (2017) [Open Access] This paper examines whether homes located closer to an operating rock mine in Delaware County, Ohio, sold for less than similar homes farther away. Using housing sales data and a statistical model designed to account for differences in property type, location, and neighborhood conditions, the authors found a measurable association between mine proximity and lower sale prices, with effects that diminished with distance. The paper presents its findings as evidence that active rock mining may influence nearby residential property values and that the size of that effect can vary across the housing market.
Property value impacts occasioned by aggregate extraction operations (2023) [Open Access] This article argues that aggregate extraction operations such as quarries and gravel pits can reduce nearby residential property values, especially when homes are close to active mining areas. Drawing on multiple studies from the United States and Australia, it reports measurable price declines linked to dust, noise, blasting, truck traffic, and other mining-related impacts. The article also says these effects can go beyond individual properties by harming community reputation, increasing uncertainty about future land use, and reducing homeowner equity. Its overall conclusion is that local officials should take these impacts seriously when reviewing mining proposals and should use strong setbacks and separation distances to better protect nearby residents.
Impact of Urban Development on the Chemical Composition of Groundwater in a Fen-Wetland Complex (1999) [Open Access] This study found that urban development can change groundwater quality in fen wetlands, especially when nearby septic systems and road salt introduce sodium and chloride into the water. In the Illinois fen complex they studied, those salt-related groundwater plumes were linked to a loss of plant diversity, with more sensitive fen vegetation being replaced by salt-tolerant cattails. The main takeaway is that fens are highly vulnerable to changes in their watershed, and even nearby housing and road maintenance can damage the groundwater conditions that keep these wetlands healthy.
Effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow on concentrations of naturally-occurring trace elements at water-supply wells (2011) [Open Access] This article explains that pumping and other human activities can change how groundwater moves, which can in turn release naturally occurring contaminants like arsenic, uranium, and radium into well water. Rather than coming from industrial pollution, these elements may already be present in soils and aquifer materials and become more mobile when groundwater chemistry changes because of heavy pumping, mixing between shallow and deep water, irrigation, or well construction. The main takeaway is that human actions can unintentionally worsen groundwater quality by altering natural flow patterns and geochemical conditions underground.
EGLE Fact Sheet: Groundwater Statistics (2020) [Open Access] This fact sheet explains how important groundwater is in both the United States and Michigan, especially for drinking water. It says groundwater supplies about 90% of the nation’s freshwater, serves 45% of Michigan residents, and supports millions of people through private wells, public water systems, irrigation, and industry. It also highlights that Michigan relies heavily on groundwater, with about 1.25 million private household wells and roughly 700 million gallons of groundwater used each day statewide.
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States (2026) [Open Access] This document is a federal guide used by scientists and regulators to identify wetland soils based on visible features in the ground. It explains how soils that stay wet for long periods develop distinct characteristics like dark layers, gray coloring, or rust colored spots that signal the presence of water and low oxygen. These indicators are used in the field to determine where wetlands exist and where their boundaries begin and end.
Soil and Soil Mapping (2022) [Open Access] This document explains the basics of different soil types and how they affect things like drainage, runoff, and land use. It also shows how soil maps, such as the USDA Web Soil Survey, are used to identify soil characteristics and guide decisions about conservation, farming, and land management. Overall, it highlights how understanding soils helps determine what activities are appropriate for a given piece of land.
The Conservation and Management of Prairie Fens and Associated Species (2013) [Open Access] This document explains that prairie fens are rare, groundwater-fed wetlands that support a high number of threatened and endangered plant and animal species in Michigan. It highlights that most of these ecosystems have been lost, with only a small percentage remaining today, making them especially important to protect. The report also shows that prairie fens are highly sensitive to changes in water flow, land use, and invasive species. Overall, it emphasizes that long-term management, monitoring, and protection of groundwater systems are critical to preserving these unique habitats. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, MSU Extension.
USGS Hydrogeologic Mapping and Three-Dimensional Geologic Modeling of Glacial Deposits in a Multicounty Area of Southeastern Michigan, Northeastern Indiana, and Northwestern Ohio (2025) [Open Access] Hydrogeologic Mapping and Three Dimensional Geologic Modeling of Glacial Deposits in a Multicounty Area of Southeastern Michigan, Northeastern Indiana, and Northwestern Ohio (Riddle, Arihood, Naylor, and Lampe, 2025) describes how the USGS mapped and modeled the glacial sediments that form the region’s main aquifer. The authors used tens of thousands of well records to create maps showing how thick the glacial deposits are, where sand and gravel aquifers occur, and how easily water can move through them. They also built a three dimensional model that shows the complex, patchy nature of these sediments below the surface. The report is meant to help communities better understand groundwater availability and support future water resource studies.
Risk Characterization of Airborne Particulate Exposure in the Silica Sand Mining Industry (2025) [Open Access] Risk Characterization of Airborne Particulate Exposure in the Silica Sand Mining Industry (Barth, Reponen, Mangu, and Cho, 2025) evaluates airborne particulate and crystalline silica exposure associated with various silica sand mining and processing activities. The report summarizes monitoring data to show how dust levels change based on equipment, material handling, and environmental conditions such as wind. It explains the health risks linked to respirable particles and assesses the effectiveness of existing dust-control measures. The authors use these findings to estimate potential exposure scenarios and identify areas where additional monitoring or mitigation may be needed.
Impacts of climate change and human activities on global groundwater storage from 2003 to 2022 (2025) [Open Access] Impacts of climate change and human activities on global groundwater storage from 2003 to 2022 (Zhang, Liesch, and Goldscheider, 2025) analyzes global groundwater trends using GRACE satellite data and climate datasets. The study shows that groundwater levels have significantly changed worldwide, with many regions experiencing long-term declines linked to drought, irrigation, and over-extraction. It explains how climate factors like evapotranspiration influence groundwater recharge, and how agricultural pumping is a major driver of depletion in many dry regions. The authors emphasize the need for continued monitoring to support sustainable groundwater management.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Land Reclamation Effectiveness in Mining Areas: An Integrated Assessment of Soil, Vegetation, and Ecological Conditions (2025) [Open Access] A Comprehensive Evaluation of Land Reclamation Effectiveness in Mining Areas: An Integrated Assessment of Soil, Vegetation, and Ecological Conditions (2025) evaluates how effectively reclaimed mining sites restore soil quality, vegetation cover, and ecological function after extraction. The study examines soil properties, plant communities, and ecological indicators to determine whether reclaimed areas resemble natural or reference conditions. It finds that reclamation outcomes vary widely and depend on soil handling practices, species selection, and long-term monitoring rather than short-term surface stabilization alone.
USGS Mineral Commodity Summary (2025) [Open Access] Sand and Gravel (Construction) (Willett, USGS, 2025) summarizes U.S. production, use, and market trends for construction sand and gravel. The report notes that about 890 million tons were produced in 2024, with most used in concrete, road base, and construction fill. It also describes recent decreases in demand, factors that influence production such as weather and construction activity, and ongoing challenges related to permitting, land use, and regional shortages near cities.
USGS Crushed Stone 2025 Report [Open Access] Stone (Crushed) (Willett, USGS, 2025) summarizes U.S. crushed stone production, use, and recent market trends. The report states that about 1.5 billion tons were produced in 2024, mostly limestone and dolomite, with most of it used for road construction and other infrastructure. It also notes decreases in demand linked to weather and reduced housing activity, and highlights ongoing issues such as zoning limits, permitting challenges, and regional shortages near major cities.
USGS Mineral Industry Survey: Crushed Stone and Sand and Gravel in the First Quarter 2025 [Open Access] Crushed Stone and Sand and Gravel in the First Quarter 2025 (USGS Mineral Industry Survey, June 2025, by Jason C. Willett) reports national production estimates for crushed stone, construction sand and gravel, and total construction aggregates. The survey shows that all three categories experienced decreases of about 5–6 percent compared with the first quarter of 2024. It explains that quarterly changes can reflect factors like weather, operation openings or closures, and reporting variability rather than long-term demand trends.
USGS Mineral Industry Surveys: Crushed Stone and Sand and Gravel in the Second Quarter 2025 [Open Access] Crushed Stone and Sand and Gravel in the Second Quarter 2025 (USGS, 2024) reports quarterly production and consumption estimates for U.S. aggregates. The report shows that both crushed stone and construction sand and gravel production decreased in the second quarter of 2025 compared with the same period in 2024, continuing trends from earlier in the year. It highlights which states produced the most material, how rates vary by region, and notes that weather, construction activity, and company-level changes often influence quarter-to-quarter shifts.
Louise Braun Real Property Appraisal Service, Clarkston, MI (2025) [Open Access] Property Appraisal Report: Mining Concerns for the Proposed Ormond Road Gravel Operation (Louise Braun, 2025) presents a professional appraiser’s evaluation of how a potential gravel mine could affect nearby home values, local market conditions, and lending considerations. The report compiles evidence of past contamination issues, recent property listings, and well-depth information to illustrate how buyer perception and appraisal standards may influence marketability. It also outlines concerns related to external site influence, safety, and long-term economic impacts on homeowners and the township.
Wildlife Action Plan: Fens (2015-2025) [Open Access] Fens Wildlife Action Plan (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 2015–2025) outlines conservation priorities, threats, and recommended actions for protecting fen ecosystems and fen-dependent species across Michigan. The plan describes the importance of groundwater-driven hydrology, identifies key risks such as hydrologic alteration and invasive species, and provides guidance for habitat management, monitoring, and long-term conservation planning.
Review of Previously Published Ambient Air Respirable Crystalline Silica Concentration Data for use in Risk Assessment of Mineral Industry Sources (2025) [Open Access] Review of Previously Published Ambient Air Respirable Crystalline Silica Concentration Data for Use in Risk Assessment of Mineral Industry Sources (Richards & Brozell, 2025) summarizes existing measurements of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) collected near sand, gravel, and other mineral industry facilities. The paper compiles long-term monitoring data from multiple states to identify typical and maximum downwind RCS levels that can be used in community risk assessments. It concludes that while concentrations vary by facility size, terrain, and weather, most measured levels fall well below health-based reference values when appropriate sampling methods are used. The report also notes that its funding and affiliation with aggregate industry organizations may represent a potential conflict of interest when interpreting its findings.
The uncertain future of mountaintop-removal-mined landscapes 1: How mining changes erosion processes and variables (2024) [Open Access] The Uncertain Future of Mountaintop-Removal-Mined Landscapes 1: How Mining Changes Erosion Processes and Variables (Shobe et al., 2024) explains how mountaintop-removal and valley-fill coal mining drastically reshapes Appalachian terrain and alters erosion patterns. Using before-and-after elevation models, the study shows that mining flattens ridges, fills valleys, shifts drainage divides, creates many artificial depressions, and changes how water flows across the landscape. It also finds that runoff, infiltration, and sediment movement differ sharply between cut areas and valley fills, which helps explain why erosion hotspots often form around the edges of reclaimed mines.
USGS Sand and Gravel Report 2020-2024 (2025) [Open Access] Sand and Gravel (Construction), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (Willett, 2025) provides national statistics on U.S. construction sand and gravel production, consumption, and economic trends. The report notes that output decreased to about 890 million tons in 2024, with declines influenced by weather conditions and reduced housing demand. It also describes factors affecting future availability and pricing, including zoning limits, transportation costs, and long-term infrastructure needs.
Michigan Geological Survey Aggregate Mapping Grant (2024) [Open Access] Michigan Geological Survey Aggregate Mapping Grant: March 2024 Status Report (Yellich, 2024) provides an update on Michigan’s statewide effort to compile, validate, and modernize geologic data related to aggregate resources. The report explains that most existing maps are outdated or incomplete and that the Survey is building new datasets by integrating LiDAR, soil surveys, well logs, historical maps, and field verification. It outlines staffing progress, priority counties, and the plan for producing county-level aggregate inventories and 3D geologic models. The document emphasizes that accurate subsurface information is essential for making informed decisions about aggregate supply, groundwater protection, and land-use planning.
MDOT Aggregate Source Inventory (September 12, 2023) [Open Access] The MDOT Aggregate Source Inventory is a list maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation identifying active aggregate sources recognized by MDOT regional offices with aggregate quality information on file. The document includes details such as the source number, site name, location, and the mining company associated with each aggregate source.
Hydrodynamic Relationships between Gravel Pit Lakes and Aquifers: Brief Review and Insights from Numerical Investigations (2023) [Open Access] Hydrodynamic relationships between gravel pit lakes and aquifers: brief review and insights from numerical investigations (2023) by Anne Jost, Shuaitao Wang, Thomas Verbeke, François Colleoni, and Nicolas Flipo reviews how gravel pit lakes interact with surrounding groundwater systems and presents numerical modeling to explore these processes. The paper explains how excavation below the water table creates new lake–aquifer connections that alter groundwater flow, water levels, and evaporation patterns. It also uses modeling experiments to show which physical factors—such as clogging, lake shape, aquifer properties, and seasonal conditions—most strongly influence water exchange between pit lakes and aquifers.
Landscape-Driven Effects on Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity of Vegetation Developing on Sand-Gravel Pits of Early Successional Stages (2023) [Open Access] Landscape-Driven Effects on Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity of Vegetation Developing on Sand–Gravel Pits of Early Successional Stages (Czortek, 2023) examines how surrounding landscape conditions shape the plant communities that establish on newly formed sand and gravel pit habitats. The study finds that pits located near semi-natural grasslands and forests supported higher functional and phylogenetic diversity than pits surrounded by intensive agriculture. It also shows that landscape context influences which species arrive and persist during early succession, affecting ecosystem functions and long-term recovery potential. The author concludes that reclamation planning should consider the broader landscape to support more diverse and resilient vegetation in post-mining areas.
Indicator species reveal the physical and biological singularity of esker ecosystems (2023) [Open Access] Indicator Species Reveal the Physical and Biological Singularity of Esker Ecosystems (Hasan et al., 2023) compares lakes formed on sand-and-gravel eskers with nearby clay-belt lakes in Québec to understand how geology affects water quality and biodiversity. The study finds that esker lakes have clearer, colder, nutrient-poor water with higher dissolved oxygen, which supports different species than clay lakes. Esker lakes showed overall lower biodiversity but were associated with distinctive indicator species such as common goldeneye, Canada goose, and stoneflies. The authors conclude that these unique ecosystems require targeted conservation because their biological communities are strongly shaped by groundwater-fed hydrology and sensitive to human activities.
Towards Strategic Gravel Management Working Report to Environment Southland (2023) [Open Access] Towards Strategic Gravel Management (Fuller, 2023) is a geomorphology-based report that explains how Southland’s rivers move gravel and why understanding gravel flux is essential for sustainable management. The document outlines key principles such as treating rivers as dynamic sediment conveyors, using high-resolution surveys to build gravel budgets, and avoiding extraction in reaches that are already incising. It also recommends management approaches like bar-top skimming, gravel raking, and—most importantly—giving rivers more room to move so they can adjust naturally and remain resilient to floods and climate change.
USGS Aggregate Data: 1971-2023 [Open Access] Aggregates Data 1971–2023 (Willett & Hendley, USGS, 2024) compiles more than fifty years of national production statistics for construction sand and gravel, crushed stone, and total aggregate consumption in the United States. The report provides long-term trends that show steady growth in aggregate use, with declines during major economic downturns such as 2008 and 2020. It includes tables and historical graphs that allow comparison of annual production volumes, per-capita consumption, and regional differences. The document is intended as a reference for understanding how U.S. aggregate demand has changed over time and how it relates to broader economic cycles.
Geomorphic Perspectives on Mining Landscapes, Hazards, and Sustainability (2022) [Open Access] Geomorphic perspectives on mining landscapes, hazards, and sustainability (Martín-Duque, Bennett, and Wells, 2022) reviews how mining reshapes landforms and the physical processes that operate on mined terrain. The paper explains that excavation, waste piles, and altered drainage networks create new, often unstable geomorphic systems that can lead to erosion, landslides, and sedimentation hazards. It discusses how these features evolve over time and how geomorphic principles can be used to design more stable and sustainable post-mining landscapes. The authors emphasize that understanding landscape processes is essential for hazard reduction, ecological restoration, and long-term land management after mining.
Evaluating the rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial microbiome of pioneering pines in an aggregate mining ecosystem post-disturbance (2022) [Open Access] Evaluating the rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial microbiome of pioneering pines in an aggregate mining ecosystem post-disturbance (Power, Matheson, Collier, Bernard, and Fulthorpe, 2022) investigates how bacterial communities in soil and within plant tissues help jack pine seedlings establish on recently mined aggregate sites. The study shows that disturbed mining environments support distinct microbial assemblages compared to undisturbed forests, with certain bacteria appearing to aid plant stress tolerance and early growth. It compares microbial diversity between root-associated soils and internal plant tissues to understand how pioneer species adapt to low-nutrient, post-mining substrates. The authors suggest that microbial-assisted plant growth could support more effective ecological restoration of mined landscapes.
Hydrologic-induced concentrated soil nutrients and improved plant growth increased carbon storage in a floodplain wetland over wet-dry alternating zones (2022) [Open Access Hydrologic-Induced Concentrated Soil Nutrients and Improved Plant Growth Increased Carbon Storage in a Floodplain Wetland Over Wet–Dry Alternating Zones (Yan et al., 2021) examines how changing water levels shape soil nutrients, vegetation, and carbon storage in a floodplain wetland. The study finds that areas experiencing frequent wet–dry cycles accumulate more nutrients and support stronger plant growth than constantly wet or dry zones. These zones also store more carbon because fast-growing, competitive plants add more organic material to the soil. The authors conclude that hydrologic patterns strongly influence nutrient distribution, plant communities, and overall carbon storage in wetlands.
Need and Value vs. Very Serious Consequences (2022) [Open Access] Need and Value vs. Very Serious Consequences (Wilczynski, 2022) explains how Michigan evaluates both the economic value of a proposed aggregate resource and the potential “very serious consequences” of mining under the Zoning Enabling Act. The document outlines how local governments must weigh factors such as safety, environmental impacts, property values, and groundwater risks when determining whether a mining proposal meets legal standards for approval.
USGS Sand and Gravel Construction Statistics (1902-2022) [Open Access] Sand and Gravel (Construction) Statistics 1902–2022 (Porter, Bolen & Willett, USGS, 2023) presents a long-term dataset of U.S. construction sand and gravel production, imports, exports, consumption, and unit values. The table shows how national output has fluctuated over time, with notable declines during economic recessions and gradual increases during periods of construction growth. It also provides recent annual figures, illustrating that production has remained relatively stable around 900 million metric tons in the 2010s and early 2020s. The dataset is intended as a historical reference for analyzing industry trends and comparing year-to-year changes in aggregate demand.
Permitting Aggregate Mines in Michigan Poses Very Serious Consequences (2022) [Open Access] Permitting Aggregate Mines in Michigan Poses Very Serious Consequences (Wilczynski, 2022) explains how Michigan’s Zoning Enabling Act limits when local governments may deny mining permits and describes how “very serious consequences” are evaluated during the review process. The document outlines potential impacts to property values, groundwater, wetlands, traffic safety, and public health, and provides examples showing how inconsistent permitting and limited oversight can lead to environmental and community harm.
An Overview of Slope Failure in Mining Operations (2022) [Open Access] An Overview of Slope Failure in Mining Operations (Kolapo et al., 2022) explains why slopes in open-pit mines sometimes collapse and what conditions make them unstable. The paper describes the main types of slope failures, factors that weaken rock masses such as groundwater, geology, blasting, and mining activity, and the warning signs that may appear before failure. It also reviews common engineering methods used to assess stability and newer approaches that integrate numerical modeling and artificial intelligence to better predict hazards.
Groundwater‑level recovery following closure of open‑pit mines (2022) [Open Access] Groundwater-Level Recovery Following Closure of Open-Pit Mines (Bozan, Wallis, Cook & Dogramaci, 2022) uses synthetic groundwater modeling to show how water tables rebound after large open-pit mines stop pumping. The study finds that recovery can take decades to more than a century, with aquifer permeability, evaporation, and whether the pit is backfilled being the biggest factors controlling how fast and how high water levels return. Backfilling leads to much quicker recovery, while unfilled pits in arid climates may become long-term groundwater sinks with permanently lowered lake levels.
The Unsustainable Use of Sand: Reporting on a Global Problem (2021) [Open Access] The Unsustainable Use of Sand: Reporting on a Global Problem (Leal Filho, Hunt, Lingos, Platje, Vieira, Will, and Gavriletea, 2021) examines rising global sand demand and the environmental pressures created by extraction. The paper describes how sand mining affects rivers, coasts, ecosystems, and nearby communities in many regions. It also discusses the economic factors driving sand use and highlights the need for improved monitoring, regulation, and international cooperation to manage this resource sustainably.
Effects of drought on groundwater-fed lake areas in the Nebraska Sand Hills (2021) [Open Access] Effects of Drought on Groundwater-Fed Lake Areas in the Nebraska Sand Hills (Shrestha et al., 2021) examines how hundreds of shallow lakes in the Sand Hills shrink or expand during drought. Using satellite images and drought indices, the study shows that lake size responds to both short-term weather and long-term climate patterns, with groundwater creating a delayed response. The work demonstrates that lake area can serve as a simple indicator of groundwater conditions in this sensitive landscape.
Sand, gravel, and UN Sustainable Development Goals: Conflicts, synergies, and pathways forward (2021) [Open Access] Sand, gravel, and UN Sustainable Development Goals: Conflicts, synergies, and pathways forward (2021) by Mette Bendixen, Lars L. Iversen, Jim Best, Daniel M. Franks, Christopher R. Hackney, Edgardo Latrubesse, and Lucy Tusting reviews how global sand and gravel mining relates to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The paper explains that aggregate mining supports economic development and infrastructure but also creates environmental and social challenges. It highlights the ways mining can conflict with goals related to water, biodiversity, climate, and equity. The authors emphasize the need for better data, governance, and sustainable practices to balance resource needs with long-term environmental and human well-being.
The value of novel ecosystems: Disclosing the ecological quality of quarry lakes (2021) [Open Access] The value of novel ecosystems: Disclosing the ecological quality of quarry lakes (Seelen, Teurlincx, Bruinsma, Huijsmans, van Donk, Lürling, and de Senerpont Domis, 2021) examines the ecological characteristics of deep man-made quarry lakes created by sand and gravel mining. The study compares 51 quarry lakes to nearby shallow water bodies and finds that quarry lakes generally have clearer water, lower nutrient levels, and distinct macrophyte communities. It shows that these lakes contribute unique plant species to regional biodiversity despite having fewer species overall at each site. The authors conclude that quarry lakes are ecologically valuable and should be more fully considered in water management and conservation planning.
Characterization of SWOT Water Level Errors on Seine Reservoirs and La Bassée Gravel Pits: Impacts on Water Surface Energy Budget Modeling (2020) [Open Access] Characterization of SWOT Water Level Errors on Seine Reservoirs and La Bassée Gravel Pits: Impacts on Water Surface Energy Budget Modeling (Ottlé et al., 2020) evaluates how accurately the upcoming SWOT satellite mission will be able to measure water levels in large reservoirs and small gravel pits in France. The study uses simulated SWOT data to estimate typical errors and finds that large reservoirs can be measured within a few centimeters, while small gravel pits have larger uncertainties. It also tests how these errors affect lake-energy-budget modeling and shows that even imperfect SWOT measurements can significantly improve estimates of water temperature and evaporation compared with using no water-level data.
Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060: Economic Drivers and Environmental Consequences (2019) [Open Access] Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060 (OECD, 2019) projects how worldwide use of materials—including sand, gravel, metals, biomass, and fossil fuels—will grow over the next several decades. The report finds that global material demand is expected to double by 2060, driven by population growth, urbanization, and expanding infrastructure, with construction minerals like sand and gravel remaining the largest component. It also warns that without efficiency improvements and better waste management, rising material use will increase environmental pressures, including emissions, land use, and resource depletion.
MDOT Procurement of the Michigan Aggregates Market Study (October 2019 Auditor General Report) [Open Access] This 2019 investigative report from the Michigan Office of the Auditor General examined how the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) commissioned a study on the state’s aggregate (sand and gravel) market. The investigation found that industry stakeholders had significant influence over the study’s scope and development, and that MDOT improperly split the project into smaller contracts and did not ensure all required deliverables were completed.
Detrimental Effects of Gravel Mines on Property Values (2019) [Open Access] Detrimental Effects of Gravel Mines on Property Values (Brouwer, 2019) examines how a proposed gravel mine in Benzie County, Michigan, would affect nearby home and land values. Using local assessment data and a nationally recognized distance-decay model, the report estimates nearly $14 million in lost property value within three miles of the site, with losses increasing the closer a property is to the mine. It argues that such financial harm qualifies as a “very serious consequence” under Michigan zoning law and provides evidence for denying the mine’s special use permit.
Sand and Sustainability: Finding new solutions for environmental governance of global sand resources (2019) [Open Access] Sand and Sustainability: Finding new solutions for environmental governance of global sand sources (UN Environmental Programme, 2019) explains how sand and gravel are essential to global economies and represent the largest volume of material extracted worldwide, yet their supply cannot meet growing demand without better policy, regulation, and management. It argues that decision makers have largely overlooked the limits of these resources and calls for a shift away from the assumption of infinite sand availability. The report, based on a 2018 UNEP expert roundtable, outlines potential solutions for reducing environmental impacts and promoting more responsible and sustainable use of sand and aggregates.
Young gravel-pit lakes along Canada’s Dempster Highway: How do they compare with natural lakes? (2019) [Open Access] Young gravel-pit lakes along Canada’s Dempster Highway: How do they compare with natural lakes? (Vucic, Cohen, Gray, Murdoch, Shuvo, and Sharma, 2019) compares six young gravel-pit lakes with fifteen natural lakes in the Northwest Territories to see how their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics differ. The study found that gravel-pit lakes were much deeper, clearer, and lower in nutrients than natural lakes. Despite these differences, zooplankton and macroinvertebrate communities were surprisingly similar between the two lake types. The authors conclude that even newly formed pits can develop invertebrate communities comparable to those in nearby natural lakes.
Impacts of Sand Mining on Ecosystem Structure, Process & Biodiversity in Rivers (2018) [Open Access] Impacts of Sand Mining on Ecosystem Structure, Process & Biodiversity in Rivers (Koehnken & Rintoul, 2018) reviews global scientific evidence on how river sand and gravel extraction affects physical river processes and ecological communities. The report finds that mining commonly causes channel incision, bank instability, habitat loss, and changes to sediment transport that can persist for decades. It also documents ecological impacts such as reduced fish movement, altered macroinvertebrate communities, and declines in riparian vegetation. The authors conclude that growing global demand for sand, especially in rapidly developing countries, cannot be sustainably met by river extraction.
Shiawassee River Qualitative Assessment (2019) [Open Access] Shiawassee River Qualitative Assessment: Davisburg, Oakland County, Michigan (Cardno, 2019) documents baseline biological, habitat, and water quality conditions along a 2,500-foot reach of the Shiawassee River between Davis Lake and Long Lake. The assessment summarizes fish, macroinvertebrate, mussel, and habitat surveys conducted using Michigan Procedure 51 protocols and qualitative mussel reconnaissance methods. It concludes that overall habitat quality is good, water quality supports aquatic life, and the data provide a reference point for future monitoring and land-use decision-making in the project area.
Life History and Ecology of the endangered Poweshiek skipperling Oarisma poweshiek in Michigan Prairie Fens (2019) [Open Access] Life History and Ecology of the Endangered Poweshiek Skipperling (Oarisma poweshiek) in Michigan Prairie Fens (Monfils et al., 2019) documents the habitat needs, seasonal behavior, and population challenges of one of North America’s most endangered butterflies. The study shows that Poweshiek skipperlings rely on high-quality prairie fens with stable groundwater, specific sedge species for larvae, and nectar-rich forbs for adults. Researchers found extremely low population numbers, limited dispersal ability, and high sensitivity to habitat changes. The authors conclude that protecting groundwater-dependent fen hydrology and maintaining open, diverse vegetation are essential for the species’ survival.
Environmental Impacts of Sand Exploitation; Analysis of Sand Market (2018) [Open Access] Environmental Impacts of Sand Exploitation (Koehnken & Rintoul, 2018) reviews the global rise in sand extraction and the environmental damage linked to it. The paper explains how removing sand from rivers, beaches, and marine areas can alter erosion patterns, harm habitats, disrupt groundwater systems, and reduce water quality. It also highlights major knowledge gaps and calls for better monitoring and management to reduce long-term ecological impacts.
Rare Species and Natural Features Assessment of “Hartman Tract” at Shiawassee Basin Preserve (2018) [Open Access] Rare Species and Natural Features Assessment: Hartman Tract (Michigan Natural Features Inventory, n.d.) documents the presence and potential occurrence of rare species and sensitive natural communities within the Hartman Tract study area. The assessment summarizes site conditions, habitat types, and records of protected plants, animals, and ecological features based on field surveys and existing databases. It is intended to inform land-use planning and decision-making by identifying resources that may require protection or further evaluation before development or disturbance.
A Simple System Dynamics Model for the Global Production Rate of Sand, Gravel, Crushed Rock and Stone, Market Prices and Long-Term Supply Embedded into the WORLD6 Model (2017) [Open Access] A Simple System Dynamics Model for the Global Production Rate of Sand, Gravel, Crushed Rock and Stone, Market Prices and Long-Term Supply Embedded into the WORLD6 Model (Sverdrup, Koca & Schlyter, 2017) develops a global system dynamics model to evaluate long-term production, demand, reserves, and price behavior for major construction aggregates. The paper describes how sand, gravel, crushed stone, and cut stone are represented as interconnected resource stocks whose extraction and market supply are influenced by population, infrastructure demand, recycling, and price feedbacks. Model simulations from 1900 to 2200 reproduce historical production trends and suggest future peak or plateau behaviors for these materials under business as usual conditions. The study also discusses uncertainties in global reserve estimates and highlights how soft scarcity, expressed through rising prices, may occur long before any physical depletion.
Reclamation strategies for mined forest soils and overstorey drive understorey vegetation (2017) [Open Access] Reclamation strategies for mined forest soils and overstorey drive understorey vegetation by Han Y. H. Chen, Shekhar R. Biswas, Timothy M. Sobey, Brian W. Brassard, and Samuel F. Bartels (2017) examines how different reclamation approaches following mining influence the abundance, diversity, and composition of understorey plant communities in forested landscapes. The study compares soil substrates, tree canopy types, and time since reclamation to identify which conditions best support healthy and diverse understorey vegetation.
Interactions of artificial lakes with groundwater applying an integrated MODFLOW solution (2017) [Open Access] Interactions of Artificial Lakes with Groundwater Applying an Integrated MODFLOW Solution (El-Zehairy, Lubczynski & Gurwin, 2017) presents a detailed groundwater model of Lake Turawa in Poland to understand how regulated reservoirs exchange water with surrounding aquifers. The study shows that, unlike natural lakes, artificial lakes are driven mainly by controlled inflows and outflows, causing rapid water-level changes that strongly influence seepage patterns and groundwater levels. Modeling revealed that lake–groundwater interactions shift between gaining and losing conditions depending on lake stage, and that seepage is highly sensitive to lakebed permeability and aquifer conductivity. The authors conclude that integrated modeling is essential for managing artificial lakes because their hydrologic behavior is more complex and dynamic than that of natural lakes.
Water and (bio)chemical cycling in gravel pit lakes: A review and outlook (2016) Water and (bio)chemical cycling in gravel pit lakes: A review and outlook (Nixdorf, 2022) summarizes current scientific knowledge about how water, nutrients, and chemical processes function in lakes created by sand and gravel mining. The paper explains that these lakes are strongly influenced by groundwater, often have low nutrient levels, and develop distinct biological and chemical conditions compared to natural lakes. It reviews research on oxygen dynamics, algal productivity, and nutrient cycling, noting that pit lakes can vary widely depending on local geology and hydrology. The author highlights major knowledge gaps and recommends long-term monitoring to better understand how these artificial lakes evolve.
An Assessment of the Economic Impact of the Proposed Stoneco An Assessment of the Economic Impact of the Proposed Stoneco Gravel Mine Operation on Richland Township Gravel Mine Operation on Richland Township (2016) [Open Access] This report prepared for the Richland Township Planning Commission evaluates the potential economic impacts of the proposed Stoneco gravel mine, focusing on residential property values and local employment. It uses established economic modeling methods to assess how the mine’s operation could influence the township’s housing market and broader economic conditions.
The Physical and Environmental Impacts of Sand Mining (2016) [Open Access] The physical and environmental impacts of sand mining (Asabonga, Cecilia, Mpundu, and Vincent, 2016) examines how sand mining affects soil stability, vegetation, and landforms in three coastal sites in South Africa’s O.R. Tambo district. The study found that active mining areas showed higher levels of soil erosion, landslides, vegetation loss, and open pits compared to less disturbed sites. It also reports that clearing vegetation for access roads and pit expansion increases erosion and encourages the spread of invasive plant species. The authors conclude that unmanaged sand mining can degrade sensitive environments and recommend stronger local oversight and rehabilitation practices.
Drawdown ‘‘Triggers’’: A Misguided Strategy for Protecting Groundwater-Fed Streams and Springs (2016) [Open Access] Drawdown “Triggers”: A Misguided Strategy for Protecting Groundwater-Fed Streams and Springs (Currell, 2016) explains why relying on fixed drawdown limits to protect springs and streams near mining or pumping projects often fails. The paper shows that ecological impacts can begin long before noticeable water-level declines appear at springs because pumping first captures discharge rather than causing measurable drawdown. It recommends using better tools—such as identifying the true source aquifer, monitoring water levels and spring flows, and conducting full water-balance modeling—to more effectively protect groundwater-dependent ecosystems.
Pit Lakes are a Global Legacy of Mining: an Integrated Approach to Achieving Sustainable Ecosystems and Value for Communities (2016) [Open Access] Pit Lakes Are a Global Legacy of Mining: An Integrated Approach to Achieving Sustainable Ecosystems and Value for Communities (Blanchette & Lund, 2016) reviews how large open-cut mines around the world often fill with water after closure, forming “pit lakes” that can range from clean and usable to highly toxic. The article explains that many pit lakes pose long-term environmental risks because they may contain acidic water, leached metals, or poor water quality, especially when created without ecological planning. It argues that current mine-closure practices focus too much on physical and chemical engineering and not enough on ecological processes that help lakes develop naturally over time. The authors recommend involving ecologists early in mine design and closure planning so pit lakes can evolve into safer, more functional ecosystems that provide community benefits.
Understanding the Groundwater Hydrology of a Geographically-Isolated Prairie Fen: Implications for Conservation (2015) [Open Access] Understanding the Groundwater Hydrology of a Geographically-Isolated Prairie Fen: Implications for Conservation (2015) by Sampath, Liao, Curtis, Doran, Herbert, May, and Li examines how groundwater moves through complex glacial geology to support the Ives Road Fen in southern Michigan. The study uses detailed geologic modeling and multi-scale groundwater simulations to identify the specific sources of water that feed this isolated fen. It finds that the fen receives water from both nearby local recharge and distant regional groundwater systems moving through deep confined aquifers. The authors explain that protecting the fen requires managing not just the immediate area but the much larger hydrologic network that sustains it.
A GIS-based approach for supporting groundwater protection in eskers: Application to sand and gravel extraction activities in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Quebec, Canada (2015) [Open Access] A GIS-based Approach for Supporting Groundwater Protection in Eskers: Application to Sand and Gravel Extraction Activities in Abitibi–Témiscamingue, Quebec (Nadeau et al., 2015) develops mapping tools to identify which esker areas contain important groundwater resources and which are most affected by sand and gravel mining. The study uses GIS, field measurements, and geomorphology to classify each esker segment by its likelihood of storing groundwater and by its vulnerability to disturbance. It also creates an index showing where mining activities overlap with sensitive groundwater zones, helping support better land-use decisions and groundwater protection.
Review of floodplain mining and risks (2014) [Open Access] Review of Floodplain Mining Impacts and Risks (Jacobs & Moroka, 2014) summarizes the physical and ecological effects of extracting sand and gravel from river floodplains. The report explains that floodplain mining can alter groundwater levels, reduce natural flood storage, change sediment movement, and increase erosion or channel instability. It also notes risks to infrastructure, water quality, and habitat when pits are placed too close to active river channels. The authors recommend careful site selection, buffer distances, and monitoring to reduce long-term environmental and hydrologic impacts.
Sand, Rarer Than One Thinks (2014) [Open Access] “Sand, rarer than one thinks” (UNEP, March 2014), written by Pascal Peduzzi, provides an assessment of global sand and gravel extraction. The document gives an overview of worldwide aggregate use, noting that sand and gravel represent the largest volume of solid material mined globally. It summarizes environmental effects documented in riverine, coastal, and marine systems, including impacts on sediment movement, hydrology, and ecosystems. The report also highlights gaps in data and regulation and outlines potential management and policy considerations.
Exploring the Prairie Fen Wetlands of Michigan (2009) [Open Access] Exploring the Prairie Fen Wetlands of Michigan (Simon Perry, Michigan Natural Features Inventory, 2009) introduces the unique geology, hydrology, plants, and wildlife that characterize Michigan’s prairie fen ecosystems. It explains how these wetlands form from groundwater discharge and highlights their ecological importance, rarity, and vulnerability to human disturbance.
Impacts of Mining on Geomorphic Systems (2013) [Open Access] Impacts of Mining on Geomorphic Systems (Winter, Slaymaker, and Embleton-Hamann, 2013) reviews how different types of mining alter landforms and the physical processes that shape Earth’s surface. The paper explains that mining removes or redistributes large volumes of sediment, changes drainage patterns, and can accelerate erosion or slope instability. It also describes how mine pits, waste piles, and altered topography create new geomorphic features that evolve over time. The authors emphasize that understanding these changes is essential for reclamation planning and long-term landscape management.
Road Map to Mineral Supply (2013) [Open Access] Road map to mineral supply (Herrington, 2013) discusses how global access to minerals is affected more by political, economic, and environmental constraints than by physical shortages in the Earth’s crust. The article explains that reserve estimates often misrepresent actual long-term resource availability because they fluctuate with market conditions and mining technology. It describes how production is increasingly concentrated in a few large mines and countries, creating risks of supply disruption. The author argues that a comprehensive global inventory of mineral resources, including those in waste streams, is needed to support secure and responsible mineral supply chains.
Local Government Regulation of Natural Resource Extraction (2013) [Open Access] Local Government Regulation of Natural Resource Extraction (Neumann, 2013) explains how Michigan law limits local zoning authority over sand, gravel, and other natural resource mining unless a community can show that “very serious consequences” would result. The article outlines the legal standards used to evaluate impacts on nearby land uses, property values, traffic, safety, and public welfare. It also clarifies that local governments may regulate operational details—such as hours, noise, and dust—but generally cannot prohibit extraction when the resource is valuable and can be mined profitably. The author recommends that municipalities work closely with legal counsel because the interpretation of these rules continues to develop through case law.
Dual impact on the groundwater aquifer in the Kazan Plain (Ankara, Turkey): sand–gravel mining and over-abstraction (2011) [Open Access] Dual Impact on the Groundwater Aquifer in the Kazan Plain (Ankara, Turkey): Sand–Gravel Mining and Over-Abstraction (Apaydın, 2011) examines how decades of deep sand-and-gravel excavation combined with heavy groundwater pumping have severely reduced aquifer thickness and water levels in the Kazan Plain. The study uses historical well records, maps, and field observations to show that large sections of the aquifer have been physically removed by mining, while over-pumping has dropped groundwater levels by 10–20 meters in many areas. It concludes that continued excavation and excessive abstraction threaten the long-term viability of the aquifer and recommends banning pit operations, limiting pumping, and restoring damaged areas.
Changes in physical and chemical properties of soil after surface mining and reclamation (2011) [Open Access] Changes in Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil After Surface Mining and Reclamation (2011), by Raj K. Shrestha and Rattan Lal, examines how surface mining and subsequent reclamation alter soil conditions in eastern Ohio. The study compares reclaimed mine soils with nearby undisturbed soils to evaluate changes in properties such as bulk density, soil organic carbon, nitrogen, pH, and electrical conductivity shortly after reclamation. The findings show that mining and reclamation significantly disrupt soil structure and nutrient content, highlighting the importance of careful soil handling and long-term management to support ecological recovery.
USGS Aggregate Resource Availability in the Conterminous United States, Including Suggestions for Addressing Shortages, Quality, and Environmental Concerns (2011) [Open Access] Aggregate Resource Availability in the Conterminous United States, Including Suggestions for Addressing Shortages, Quality, and Environmental Concerns (Langer, USGS, 2011) explains where sand, gravel, and crushed stone resources occur across the U.S. and why some regions have limited supply. The report shows that even when aggregate exists, factors like poor rock quality, thick overburden, environmental constraints, and land-use conflicts can make it difficult to access. It also provides case studies and examples of how states and localities address shortages through substitutes, recycling, better planning, or transporting material from other regions.
Restoring earth surface processes through landform design; A 13-year monitoring of a geomorphic reclamation model for quarries on slopes (2010) [Open Access] Restoring earth surface processes through landform design: A 13-year monitoring of a geomorphic reclamation model for quarries on slopes (Martín-Duque, Sanz, Bodoque, Lucía, and Martín-Moreno, 2010) examines a long-term reclamation project at an abandoned silica sand quarry in Central Spain. The study evaluates a geomorphic landform design that allows the quarry highwall to erode naturally while a constructed concave slope develops soil and vegetation. Monitoring over 13 years showed stable slopes, increasing organic matter, and successful vegetation recovery with minimal maintenance. The authors conclude that geomorphic landform design can create more stable, natural, and self-sustaining reclaimed landscapes than traditional terraced reclamation methods.
Strategic Assessment of the Magnitude and Impacts of Sand Mining in Poyang Lake, China (2009) [Open Access] Strategic assessment of the magnitude and impacts of sand mining in Poyang Lake, China (de Leeuw, Shankman, Wu, de Boer, Burnham, He, Yesou, and Xiao, 2009) analyzes how large-scale sand dredging in Poyang Lake has changed sediment flows and affected the surrounding environment. The authors used satellite imagery to estimate that the lake was exporting about 236 million cubic meters of sand per year, making it one of the largest sand-mining operations in the world. The study shows that this extraction shifted the lake from a sediment-accumulating system to a sediment-exporting one, altering channel depth and potentially affecting water levels. It also reviews possible ecological risks and discusses alternative sand sources to reduce pressure on the lake.
Implementation of Environmental Management Systems in the Extraction of Construction Aggregates from Gravel Pit Lakes (2009) [Open Access] Implementation of Environmental Management Systems in the Extraction of Construction Aggregates from Gravel Pit Lakes (Botta, Comoglio, Quaglino & Torchia, 2009) examines how ISO 14001-style environmental management systems can be applied to gravel pit lake mining operations. The study identifies the main environmental issues associated with these sites—such as water quality, dust, noise, waste, fuel use, and impacts on biodiversity—and outlines how companies can systematically review and monitor them. It also provides practical guidance on developing site-specific procedures for environmental control, including monitoring water levels, managing sediments, tracking energy use, and reducing emissions. The authors conclude that EMS frameworks can help gravel pit operators improve environmental performance and better meet regulatory and community expectations.
Sand and Gravel Mining: Effects on Ground Water Resources in Hancock county, Maine, USA (2008) [Open Access] Sand and gravel mining: effects on ground water resources in Hancock County, Maine, USA (Peckenham, Thornton, and Whalen, 2009) examines how active and abandoned sand and gravel pits influence groundwater quantity and quality in a major regional aquifer. The study found little evidence that mining activities were causing large changes in groundwater levels, but noted that the aquifer is vulnerable to contamination from human activities such as road salt and septic systems. Water quality near gravel pits showed slightly higher levels of sodium, chloride, and nitrate, though the changes were small and not always directly linked to mining. The authors conclude that existing regulations in Maine offer some groundwater protection but that monitoring and land-use management remain important for safeguarding drinking water resources.
Impact of Gravel Pits on Ground water: Case Study of Gravel Pits near the Mohelnice City, Czech Republic (2008) [Open Access] Impact of Gravel Pits on Groundwater: Case Study of Gravel Pits Near the Mohelnice City, Czech Republic (Kuchovsky, Ricka & Cervenkova, 2008) examines how several open gravel pits influence groundwater levels and flow patterns in an alluvial aquifer along the Morava River. Numerical modeling shows that the pits become new drainage bases, causing groundwater to flow into them, lowering water levels by up to 3 meters in some areas and raising them by about 1 meter in others. The study also finds that exposing groundwater to air in the pits changes water chemistry, leading to mineral precipitation and higher pH. The authors conclude that while impacts extend up to 2.5 km from the pits, they remain local rather than regional in scale.
Comprehensive Study on Economic Valuation, Economic Impact Assessment, and State Conservation Funding of Green Infrastructure Assets in Michigan (2008) [Open Access] Comprehensive Study on Economic Valuation, Economic Impact Assessment, and State Conservation Funding of Green Infrastructure Assets in Michigan (Adelaja et al., Land Policy Institute, 2008) combines three major studies that explore how natural areas in Michigan contribute to property values, local economies, and statewide conservation funding. The report shows that proximity to lakes, trails, parks, and other green spaces significantly increases home values in both rural and urban counties, and that state parks generate meaningful local economic activity through tourism and spending. It also finds that Michigan significantly underfunds conservation compared with other states, despite having one of the largest natural resource bases in the country.
Thermal plume transport from sand and gravel pits – Potential thermal impacts on cool water streams (2007) Thermal plume transport from sand and gravel pits (Ackerman and Mickelson, 2007) investigates how groundwater flowing through sand and gravel pits can form thermal plumes that alter local temperature patterns. The study uses field measurements and modeling to show how pit geometry, groundwater velocity, and seasonal conditions influence heat movement in the subsurface. It explains that warm or cold water discharged from pits can shift local groundwater temperatures over considerable distances. The authors note that understanding these thermal effects is important for managing groundwater-dependent ecosystems and evaluating potential impacts of mining operations.
USGS Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan (2007) [Open Access] Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan (Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, 2016) provides an overview of groundwater resources, aquifer types, and geologic conditions for each county in Michigan. The report explains how glacial deposits, bedrock formations, and local hydrogeology influence groundwater availability and well yields across different regions. It also identifies areas where aquifers are shallow, discontinuous, or vulnerable to contamination. The document is intended as a reference for planners, regulators, and residents seeking a general understanding of groundwater conditions at the county level.
The Human Role in Changing Fluvial Systems: Retrospect, Inventory and Prospect (2006) [Open Access] The human role in changing fluvial systems (James, 1993) reviews how human activities have altered rivers and streams through land-use change, channel modification, and sediment disturbance. The paper explains that agriculture, mining, urbanization, and dam construction have all reshaped sediment supply and channel form, often increasing erosion or causing rivers to fill with sediment. It describes how these impacts vary depending on watershed characteristics and the type of disturbance. The author emphasizes the importance of recognizing historical human influence when interpreting modern river conditions and planning restoration.
USGS Materials in Use in U.S. Interstate Highways (2006) [Open Access] Materials in Use in U.S. Interstate Highways (Sullivan, 2006) summarizes the types and quantities of mineral-based materials used to construct the national Interstate Highway System. The report explains that natural aggregates such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone make up the largest share of material in highways, particularly in concrete, asphalt, and road base layers. It presents estimates showing that about 1.5 billion metric tons of aggregates, along with asphalt, cement, and steel, are currently in place across the system. The document highlights how maintaining and expanding highways requires continued large-scale use of these construction materials.
MODFLOW-2005, The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model—the Ground-Water Flow Process (2005) [Open Access] MODFLOW-2005: The U.S. Geological Survey Modular Ground-Water Model (Harbaugh, 2005) describes the updated version of the USGS’s widely used numerical groundwater-flow modeling program. The report explains the modular structure of the model, the equations it solves, and the packages that simulate features such as recharge, rivers, wells, drains, and storage. It also outlines improvements over earlier versions, including more flexible input formats and enhanced solution methods. The document serves as both a technical reference and a user guide for scientists and engineers developing groundwater flow models.
Particulates from mining operations: A review of sources, effects and regulations (2005) Particulates from mining operations: A review of sources, effects and regulations (2005) by E. Petavratzi, S. Kingman, and I. Lowndes provides an overview of how dust is generated, behaves, and is regulated within the mineral industries. The paper explains the different types of particulates produced during mining, their environmental and health effects, and the challenges in monitoring and controlling airborne dust. It also summarizes existing regulatory frameworks and reviews a wide range of mitigation strategies, noting that dust control is complex, site-specific, and often costly.
Hydraulic Impacts of Quarries and Gravel Pits (2005) [Open Access] Hydraulic Impacts of Quarries and Gravel Pits (Green et al., Minnesota DNR, 2005) investigates how sand, gravel, and limestone pits influence groundwater flow and surface water features. Using case studies and monitoring data, the report shows that quarrying can lower nearby water tables, change groundwater gradients, reduce streamflow, and create pit lakes that behave as new hydrologic sinks or sources. It also outlines factors that control impacts—such as pit depth, distance to wells and streams, pumping, and local geology—and provides guidance for evaluating and managing these effects.
Effects of Sand Mining on Physical Processes and Biological Communities Offshore New Jersey, U.S.A. (2004) [Open Access] Effects of Sand Mining on Physical Processes and Biological Communities Offshore New Jersey (Byrnes et al., 2004) evaluates how offshore sand removal for beach nourishment might affect waves, sediment transport, and seafloor ecosystems along the New Jersey coast. Modeling showed only small changes to wave heights and coastal sediment movement under most dredging scenarios, with most effects dissipating before reaching shore. The study also found that benthic communities would be disturbed where sand is removed, but previous research suggests many species can recolonize within one to three years, depending on local conditions.
Soil Management Strategies to Establish Vegetation and Groundwater Recharge when Restoring Gravel Pits (2003) [Open Access] Soil management strategies to establish vegetation and groundwater recharge when restoring gravel pits (Palmqvist Larsson, 2003) examines how different soil types and restoration methods influence vegetation growth and groundwater protection in former gravel extraction sites in Sweden. The study reviews common restoration practices and finds that they often fall short of planned requirements, especially regarding topsoil use and vegetation establishment. It also analyzes how soil physical properties such as water retention and unsaturated conductivity affect plant water availability and groundwater recharge. The author concludes that selecting appropriate topsoil and managing its thickness are critical for restoring natural soil functions and protecting groundwater.
Analytical and Numerical Simulation of the Steady-State Hydrologic Effects of Mining Aggregate in Hypothetical Sand-and-Gravel and Fractured Crystalline-Rock Aquifers (2003) [Open Access] Analytical and Numerical Simulation of the Steady-State Hydrologic Effects of Mining Aggregate in Hypothetical Sand-and-Gravel and Fractured Crystalline-Rock Aquifers (Arnold, Langer, and Paschke, USGS, 2003) uses both analytical equations and computer models to estimate how mining below the water table changes groundwater levels. The report shows how factors like hydraulic conductivity, recharge, pit depth, aquifer size, and faults influence the distance that drawdown extends away from a mine. It compares simple analytical solutions with more detailed numerical models to illustrate how real-world features such as heterogeneity, anisotropy, and boundaries can change the results.
Managing and Protecting Aggregate Resources (2002) [Open Access] Managing and Protecting Aggregate Resources (Langer, 2002) discusses how communities and industry can plan for long-term access to sand, gravel, and crushed stone. The report explains that population growth, urban development, and land-use conflicts often prevent extraction even where high-quality aggregate exists. It describes how mapping, zoning, and resource inventories can help identify deposits and reduce future shortages. The author also outlines strategies for minimizing environmental impacts while ensuring that essential construction materials remain available.
Quantifying impacts to a floodplain groundwater system from Quantifying impacts to a floodplain groundwater system from large-scale sand and gravel mining large-scale sand and gravel mining (2001) [Open Access] Quantifying Impacts to a Floodplain Groundwater System from Large-Scale Sand and Gravel Mining by Thomas E. Michalek (2001) investigates how a proposed sand and gravel operation would affect groundwater levels in a floodplain aquifer. The study uses field data and a calibrated MODFLOW model to evaluate changes in groundwater flow direction, gradients, and pumping needs. It finds that mining below the water table increases groundwater inflow toward the drainage district by about 10–17 percent but does not cause broad water-table rises or increased flood risk. The study concludes that impacts are localized and mainly related to modest increases in pumping rather than major hydrologic changes.
Documentation of a Computer Program to Simulate Lake-Aquifer Interaction Using the MODFLOW Ground-Water Flow Model and the MOC3D Solute-Transport Model (2000) [Open Access] Documentation of a computer program to simulate lake–aquifer interaction using the MODFLOW ground-water flow model (Merritt and Konikow, 2000) describes the LAK3 package, which adds the ability to simulate surface-water and groundwater exchange within MODFLOW. The report explains how lake stages, groundwater inflows and outflows, and leakage through the lakebed are calculated during each time step of a model run. It provides guidance on data requirements such as bathymetry, hydraulic conductivities, and stage–volume relationships. The authors intended the package to help hydrologists evaluate how lakes influence aquifer behavior and how groundwater conditions can cause lakes to rise, fall, or change flow direction.
The Importance of Ground Water in the Great Lakes Region (2000) [Open Access] The Importance of Ground Water in the Great Lakes Region (2000) by N.G. Grannemann, R.J. Hunt, J.R. Nicholas, T.E. Reilly, and T.C. Winter is a U.S. Geological Survey report that explains how groundwater functions within the Great Lakes Basin. The paper describes the major groundwater issues in the region, including quantity, quality, recharge, pumping impacts, and the connection between groundwater and surface water. It explains how groundwater moves through glacial and bedrock aquifers and how human activities such as pumping, urbanization, and irrigation influence water levels and flow patterns. The authors emphasize that groundwater plays a crucial role in sustaining streams, wetlands, ecosystems, and overall water availability throughout the Great Lakes watershed.
Eutrophication of Gravel Pit Lakes which are Situated in Close Vicinity to the River Donau: Water and Nutrient Transport (2000) [Open Access] Eutrophication of Gravel Pit Lakes Situated Near the River Donau: Water and Nutrient Transport (Kattner, Schwarz, & Maier, 2000) reports on 20 years of monitoring six gravel pit lakes influenced by groundwater infiltration from the nutrient-rich Danube River. The study shows that lakes closest to the river became the most eutrophic because river water seeped through the embankments, transporting phosphorus and raising lake water levels over time. As nutrient loads in the Danube decreased in the 1990s, the most affected lakes began to recover, while others continued slowly aging and accumulating nutrients.
Effects of Gravel Extraction on Stability of Gravel-Bed Rivers: The Wooler Water (1998) [Open Access] Effects of Gravel Extraction on Stability of Gravel-Bed Rivers: The Wooler Water, Northumberland, UK (Sear & Archer, 1998) examines how decades of in-channel gravel mining altered the shape and stability of the Wooler Water river. Using historical maps, surveys, and sediment budgets, the study shows that gravel removal caused channel incision, widening, shifts from meandering to braided forms, and long-term changes that persisted even after mining stopped. The authors conclude that extraction disrupts natural sediment supply and can trigger instability that propagates far downstream.
Hungry Water: Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels (1997) [Open Access] Hungry Water: Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels (Kondolf, 1997) explains how dams and gravel extraction interrupt the natural movement of sediment through rivers. The paper shows that when sediment supply is cut off, rivers become “hungry,” eroding their beds and banks, lowering water tables, destabilizing channels, and losing key habitats like spawning gravels. It also describes how in-channel mining creates deep pits and nickpoints that migrate up- and downstream, causing incision, bank erosion, and damage to bridges, pipelines, and property.
The Direct and Cumulative Effects of Gravel Mining on Ground Water within Thurston County, Washington (1995) [Open Access] The Direct and Cumulative Effects of Gravel Mining on Ground Water Within Thurston County, Washington (Mead, 1995) evaluates how gravel pit excavation influences groundwater levels, turbidity, and water quality in a glacial aquifer system. The report explains that creating a pit below the water table can alter local groundwater flow, but in Thurston County these changes are generally small and depend on aquifer permeability and pit size. It describes how mining can increase turbidity in nearby wells, though the extent of this effect varies with sediment type and groundwater velocity. The document also identifies potential risks from associated facilities such as concrete batch plants, which can release high-pH or nutrient-rich wastewater if not properly managed.
Edge Effects in Fragmented Forests: Implications for Conservation (1995) [Open Access] Edge Effects in Fragmented Forests: Implications for Conservation (Murcia, 1995) reviews how forest fragmentation creates “edges” that alter light, temperature, moisture, species interactions, and overall ecological conditions in the outer portions of forest patches. The paper explains that these edge effects can change plant growth, species composition, and animal behavior, sometimes extending tens of meters into a forest. It also highlights why research results vary so widely, noting that edge effects depend on factors such as edge age, orientation, structure, surrounding land use, and study design.
On the Efficacy of Humans as Geomorphic Agents (1994) [Open Access] On the Efficacy of Humans as Geomorphic Agents (Hooke, 1994) compares the amount of earth material moved by humans to that moved by natural processes like rivers, glaciers, and wind. The paper shows that human activities, especially agriculture, construction, and mining, now shift more sediment each year than many major natural geomorphic forces. It explains that although natural processes operate continuously over long periods, the intensity and scale of human-driven movement have increased rapidly with population growth and technology. The author concludes that humans are among the most significant geomorphic agents shaping Earth’s surface today.
Crystalline Silica Primer (1992) [Open Access] Crystalline Silica Primer (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1992) explains what crystalline silica is, how it forms, and where it occurs in nature and industry. The report describes the different forms of silica, including quartz, and outlines their geological origins, industrial uses, and health-related concerns when silica dust is inhaled. It also summarizes the regulatory framework and measurement techniques used to monitor crystalline silica in workplace settings.
Natural Aggregates of the Conterminous United States (1988) [Open Access] Natural Aggregates of the Conterminous United States (Langer, USGS, 1988) provides a national overview of where sand, gravel, and crushed stone resources occur and how geologic conditions influence their availability. The report explains that aggregate deposits vary widely across regions because of differences in glacial, river, coastal, and bedrock processes. It describes the physical and chemical properties that determine whether a material is suitable for construction use. The publication also outlines how land use, overburden, and environmental constraints can limit access to otherwise usable aggregate resources.
The Effects of Gravel Extraction on Groundwater Hydrology (1983) [Open Access] The Effects of Gravel Extraction on Groundwater Hydrology (Wilson, 1981) examines how removing sand and gravel below the water table influences groundwater levels and flow patterns. The report explains that excavation often creates new seepage faces that draw groundwater toward the pit, altering local gradients. It notes that these changes are typically confined to the immediate area around the mine but depend heavily on aquifer permeability and the size and depth of the pit. The author concludes that understanding local geologic conditions is essential for predicting groundwater impacts from gravel extraction.
USGS Basic Groundwater Hydrology (1983) [Open Access] Basic Groundwater Hydrology (USGS, 1983) provides a clear introduction to how groundwater occurs, moves, and interacts with surface water in different geologic settings. The report explains key concepts such as aquifers, recharge, hydraulic gradients, and the influence of permeability on groundwater flow. It describes how pumping affects water levels and streamflow, using diagrams to illustrate common groundwater conditions. The document is intended as a foundational reference for students, water managers, and anyone needing a basic understanding of groundwater behavior.
Mineral Industry of Michigan (1975) [Open Access] Mineral Industry of Michigan: Annual Statistical Summary 1975 (Carman, 1977) provides production figures, economic values, and industry trends for Michigan’s mineral commodities during 1975. The report shows that iron ore, cement, sand and gravel, and stone were among the state’s most significant mineral products, with some sectors experiencing declines tied to national economic slowdowns. It also summarizes employment levels, mining activity by county, and long-term production patterns. The publication serves as a historical snapshot of Michigan’s mineral economy during the mid-1970s.
MNFI Poweshiek Skipperling Sheet (n.d.) [Open Access] This Michigan Natural Features Inventory species abstract summarizes the life history, habitat, identification, and conservation status of the Poweshiek skipperling, a federally endangered butterfly restricted in Michigan to high-quality prairie fen wetlands. It describes the species’ limited distribution, specialized ecological requirements, and the threats that have led to its severe decline.
Vanishing Lake Michigan Sand Dunes: Threats from Mining (n.d.) [Open Access] Vanishing Lake Michigan Sand Dunes: Threats from Mining (Kelley, Great Lakes Natural Resources Policy Institute, 1993) describes how commercial sand mining has altered and reduced coastal dune systems along Lake Michigan. The report explains that dunes are formed by complex interactions among wind, waves, and sediment supply, and that mining removes sand faster than natural processes can replace it. It outlines how mining contributes to dune loss, habitat degradation, and reduced shoreline protection. The document also discusses regulatory gaps at the time and emphasizes the need for stronger management to preserve remaining dune landscapes.
The Carcinogenic Silica Dust Health Risks at Freeth Farm (n.d.) [Open Access] Health Risk Assessment for PM10 Silica Dust at Freeth Farm (Alberry, 2019) analyzes whether very fine silica particles from a proposed sand quarry could reach nearby homes at levels above World Health Organization and UK safety limits. The report finds that the site’s sand contains extremely high numbers of respirable PM10 particles that dry quickly and can become airborne even in light wind, especially during excavation, bund construction, and transport on open conveyors. It concludes that the proposed 35 m buffer zone is inadequate and recommends at least 100 m of separation plus continuous dust monitoring to protect residents.
Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (EMR) Suitable Habitat (n.d.) [Open Access] Eastern Massasauga (EMR) Suitable Habitat (undated guidance document) describes the wetland and upland environments that support the threatened Eastern Massasauga rattlesnake in Michigan. It explains that EMR rely on open wetlands such as prairie fens, lowland conifer forests, and nearby uplands for feeding, basking, giving birth, and especially for hibernation. The document also highlights the importance of stable water tables, underground burrows, and seasonal movement around hibernation sites when identifying and protecting suitable habitat.
MNFI: Prairie Fen Community Abstract (n.d.) [Open Access] Prairie Fen Community Abstract (Michigan Natural Features Inventory) describes the geology, hydrology, vegetation structure, and species associated with prairie fens in Michigan. The document explains that prairie fens form where groundwater rich in calcium and magnesium discharges through glacial deposits, creating saturated peatlands with distinct plant zones and rare species, and it outlines how land use, drainage, and invasive plants threaten their long-term condition and hydrologic stability.
EPA AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 11.19.1 Sand and Gravel Processes (n.d.)[Open Access] This EPA document describes how sand and gravel are mined and processed, typically through open pit excavation or dredging followed by crushing, screening, washing, and classification to separate materials by size. During processing, particulate matter (PM and PM10) emissions occur from activities such as conveying, crushing, screening, storage piles, and especially haul roads, with most emissions occurring as fugitive dust. Common control methods include wet suppression, covering conveyors, windbreaks, and dust suppressants, which can significantly reduce emissions but depend on local conditions and operational practices.
Background Document for Revisions to Fine Fraction Ratios Used for EPA AP-42 Fugitive Dust Emission Factors (November 1, 2006) [Open Access] This study evaluated how the fine particle fraction of fugitive dust (PM2.5 relative to PM10) has been estimated in EPA emission factors and found that earlier methods significantly overestimated PM2.5 levels. Tests comparing older cyclone/impactor sampling methods with federal reference samplers showed that previous measurements were biased high by about a factor of two. The results suggest that typical fugitive dust sources such as unpaved roads, aggregate handling, and wind erosion produce PM2.5 at about 10 to 15 percent of total PM10 dust, and emission factors in EPA guidance should be revised accordingly.
EPA Fugitive Dust, Sect. 13.2 ‘Fugitive Dust Source’ (n.d.) [Open Access] This EPA document explains that fugitive dust is generated when loose granular materials are disturbed by mechanical forces such as vehicle traffic, loading equipment, or construction activity, or when wind lifts particles from exposed surfaces. Common sources include unpaved roads, agricultural operations, aggregate storage piles, and construction sites, where dust is released directly into the air rather than through a controlled emission point. The primary pollutant of concern is particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometers (PM10), which is regulated because of its impacts on air quality and human health.
Public Well Records along Ormond Rd and Shaffer Road in Springfield Township, MI [Open Access from EGLE] This collection of well water records documents residential and commercial wells located along Ormond Road and Shaffer Road in Springfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan. The forms record information such as well depths, static water levels, pump installations, and the types of subsurface materials encountered during drilling, including clay, sand, and gravel. Together, these records provide a historical overview of groundwater conditions and geologic characteristics in the Ormond Road–Shaffer Road area.
Active Mines and Mineral Plants in Michigan (Pulled 2025) [Open Access] Active Mines and Mineral Plants in Michigan (USGS, n.d.) is a statewide inventory listing the locations, commodities, companies, and coordinates of currently operating mines and processing plants across Michigan. The document includes sand and gravel pits, crushed stone quarries, cement plants, peat operations, lime kilns, salt mines, and metal facilities, organized by county with latitude–longitude entries. It serves as a reference map for understanding the distribution and types of active mineral extraction sites throughout the state.
Maps and Grids of Hydrogeologic Information Created from Standardized Water-Well Drillers’ Records of the Glaciated United States (2015) [Open Access] Maps and Grids of Hydrogeologic Information Created from Standardized Water-Well Drillers’ Records of the Glaciated United States (USGS, 2015) describes how nationwide well-driller records were standardized and converted into consistent maps of glacial sediment thickness, aquifer materials, and other hydrogeologic characteristics. The report explains that these datasets improve understanding of groundwater availability by showing where sand, gravel, clay, and other subsurface materials are distributed across glaciated regions.